Diseases Guide in Andhra Pradesh

Coronary Artery Disease & Heart Attack (CAD)

🚨 Key Symptoms

• Chest tightness or crushing pain radiating to left arm/jaw
• Shortness of breath on mild exertion
• Cold sweating & unexplained nausea
• Extreme sudden fatigue and dizziness

⚠️ Clinical Causes

• High LDL cholesterol & elevated ApoB
• Chronic hypertension
• Diabetes mellitus
• Smoking & tobacco consumption
• Sedentary lifestyle & visceral obesity

🔬 Diagnostic Tests

• ECG (Electrocardiogram)
• High-Sensitivity Troponin-T Blood Test
• Echocardiogram (2D Echo)
• CT Coronary Angiography
• Cardiac Catheterization (Cath Lab Angiogram)

💊 Medical Treatments

• Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI / Stenting)
• Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
• Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (Aspirin + Clopidogrel/Ticagrelor)
• High-intensity Statins & Beta-blockers

Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus & Metabolic Syndrome

🚨 Key Symptoms

• Frequent urination (Polyuria), especially at night
• Excessive thirst (Polydipsia) & dry mouth
• Slow-healing cuts, foot sores, or frequent skin infections
• Blurry vision & tingling sensations in feet (neuropathy)

⚠️ Clinical Causes

• Insulin resistance in muscle and liver tissues
• High refined carbohydrate and sugar diet
• Genetic predisposition & family history
• Lack of physical activity and abdominal fat accumulation

🔬 Diagnostic Tests

• HbA1c Glycated Hemoglobin Test (Normal: < 5.7%, Diabetic: >= 6.5%)
• Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG >= 126 mg/dL)
• Postprandial 2-hr Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
• Lipid Profile & Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (UACR)

💊 Medical Treatments

• Metformin and SGLT2 Inhibitors (Dapagliflozin/Empagliflozin)
• GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (Semaglutide/Liraglutide)
• Basal/Bolus Insulin Therapy in advanced deficiency
• Low-Glycemic Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT)

Acute Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke (Brain Attack)

🚨 Key Symptoms

• BE-FAST: Balance loss & sudden dizziness
• Eyesight loss in one or both eyes
• Face drooping on one side when smiling
• Arm weakness or numbness when raised
• Slurred speech or difficulty understanding conversation

⚠️ Clinical Causes

• Atrial Fibrillation (cardiac emboli)
• Carotid artery stenosis
• Uncontrolled long-standing hypertension
• Cerebral aneurysm rupture
• Blood hypercoagulability

🔬 Diagnostic Tests

• Emergency Non-Contrast Brain CT Scan (NCCT)
• Brain MRI with Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI)
• CT Angiography of Head and Neck Vessels
• Carotid Doppler Ultrasound

💊 Medical Treatments

• Intravenous Thrombolysis (IV rtPA / Tenecteplase within 4.5 hours)
• Mechanical Endovascular Thrombectomy (within 6 to 24 hours)
• Strict blood pressure control and neuro-ICU monitoring
• Comprehensive neuro-rehabilitation and speech therapy

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) & Renal Failure

🚨 Key Symptoms

• Swelling (edema) in ankles, feet, legs, and puffy eyelids
• Foamy or bubbly urine with dark color
• Persistent nausea, loss of appetite and metallic taste
• Severe refractory hypertension and breathlessness

⚠️ Clinical Causes

• Uncontrolled Diabetes (Diabetic Nephropathy)
• Longstanding High Blood Pressure
• Glomerulonephritis (inflammation of kidney filters)
• Overuse of NSAID painkiller pills (Ibuprofen, Diclofenac)
• Polycystic Kidney Disease

🔬 Diagnostic Tests

• Serum Creatinine & Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
• eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate)
• Urine Routine & Microalbuminuria
• Renal Ultrasound (Ultrasound KUB)

💊 Medical Treatments

• Blood pressure control via ACE inhibitors or ARBs
• Dietary sodium and potassium restriction with nephrologist guidance
• Hemodialysis (3 sessions/week in Stage 5 CKD)
• Peritoneal Dialysis & Living-donor Kidney Transplantation

Dengue Fever & Dengue Hemorrhagic Shock

🚨 Key Symptoms

• Sudden high-grade fever (103°F-104°F) for 2 to 7 days
• Severe pain behind the eyes (retro-orbital pain)
• Excruciating muscle and joint aches ("breakbone fever")
• Pinpoint red skin rash (petechiae) and bleeding gums

⚠️ Clinical Causes

• Infection with Dengue Virus (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4)
• Bite of day-biting infected female Aedes mosquito
• Higher risk of hemorrhagic complications in secondary dengue infection

🔬 Diagnostic Tests

• Dengue NS1 Antigen Rapid & ELISA Test (Days 1 to 5)
• Dengue IgM & IgG Antibody Test (After Day 5)
• Complete Blood Picture (CBC) with Hematocrit and Platelet Count every 12 hours
• Liver Function Test (SGOT/SGPT elevation)

💊 Medical Treatments

• Copious oral and IV fluid resuscitation (crystalloid solutions)
• Paracetamol for fever control (NEVER USE ASPIRIN OR IBUPROFEN)
• Single Donor Platelet (SDP) transfusion if platelets drop < 10,000 or active bleeding
• Strict hematocrit and capillary leak monitoring in ICU

Breast Cancer (Carcinoma of the Breast)

🚨 Key Symptoms

• Painless hard lump or thickening in the breast or armpit (axilla)
• Changes in breast size, contour, or unexplained skin dimpling ("peau d orange")
• Inversion of the nipple or spontaneous bloody nipple discharge
• Persistent localized redness or scaling of the nipple area

⚠️ Clinical Causes

• Genetic mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2 genes)
• Advancing age and family history of breast or ovarian cancer
• Prolonged exposure to estrogen (early menarche, late menopause)
• Obesity, lack of breastfeeding, and hormone replacement therapy

🔬 Diagnostic Tests

• Digital Mammography with 3D Tomosynthesis
• High-Resolution Breast Ultrasound (Sonofibro)
• Core Needle Biopsy with Histopathology
• IHC Marker Testing (ER, PR, HER2-neu status & Ki-67)

💊 Medical Treatments

• Breast Conserving Surgery (Lumpectomy) or Modified Radical Mastectomy
• Targeted Therapy (Trastuzumab / Pertuzumab for HER2+)
• Adjuvant Chemotherapy & Precision Radiotherapy (IMRT)
• Hormone Receptor Blocker Therapy (Tamoxifen / Letrozole)